14 September, 2022
Current vs Collective state of the atmosphere
Elements of climate and weather
- Precipitation
- process that ends with the fall of water to the earth’s surface.
- Temperature
- amount of heat energy in the air
- Atmospheric pressure
- force exerted on a surface by the weight of the atmosphere.
- varies vertically; decrease as you ascend
- Wind
- dries humidity, causes storms, and drives evaporation
- Solar radiation
- provides heat
- Cloudiness
- form when humid air cools to dew point & water/ice attaches to dust, ash, etc.
- type and # are important
Climate vs Weather: Words matter
The Earth is divided into different climate zones
Largely distinguished by latitude (but not completely) 
Slope of Earth’s surface causes uneven heating
Earth’s axial tilt (23.5°) and rotation creates seasons
More uneven heating 
Fun Fact: Changes in Earth’s tilt and Ice Ages
Atmosphere circulation creates moving via “Air Donuts”
Creates wet and dry regions on land surfaces 
Earth’s atmosphere contains six rotating “Air Donuts”
Earth surface features also impact climate
Mountains and the rain shadow effect
Closeness to large bodies
Surface features also impact weather: Atlantic hurricanes
Surface features impact weather: Atlantic hurricanes
Vegetation alters weather and climate
Trees pull water from the ground and release water vapor through their leaves, generating atmospheric rivers of moisture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3OWgb0Bv-A
Why is London warmer than Boston?
Ocean currents heavily impact global climates
Global climate: El Nino (https://www.climate.gov/enso)
Biomes: Usually defined by communities of plants
Climate controls life: Terrestrial biomes
Why is the yin and yang of ecology and evolution key here?
How does climate impact ecology? A question of scale…
Aquatic Biomes: Depth, light and nutrients
Take home messages
- Climate and weather are connected but should not be used interchangeably
- current vs collective atmospheric conditions
- The Earth is round, tilted and spinning
- adds complexity to how energy interacts with the surface
- more than just albedo
- There are broad climate patterns with latitude and altitude
- HOWEVER - lots of other factors make weather and climate patterns more complex
- know some examples
- Biomes represent climate zones composed of living things adapted to specific climate conditions
- largely related to precipiation and temperature